The State Of The Natural Person Has Been At The Center Of...

The state of the natural person has been at the center of political thought since the creation of civilization. Tinder points out that in looking at history and our current living conditions, there are certainly examples of conflict and personal uncomfortability in community (24). For instance, although the modern day, middle- class lifestyle offers one the opportunity to engage with others frequently, many people feel a pervading sense of alienation from others. Relationships may be viewed as â€Å"tenuous and impermanent† in such a community where the dynamics of family and social mobility have changed, resulting in one becoming frustrated or intolerable of their surroundings (Tinder 25). However, Tinder questions whether these feelings of frustration are resulting from the restrictive conditions seen in contemporary life or if these feelings are indicative of an estranged essence (25). To better understand this concept, the definition of â€Å"essence,† as defined by Tinder, is one’s â€Å"innermost or [most] basic self;† the thing which is â€Å"beneath the ephemeral and misleading appearances† (26). To suggest that such unease in community living are symptomatic of an estranged essence, as was examined by Tinder in this particular case, is to suggest that humans would be happier in their solitude. That in the primal core of oneself is a longing and comfortability in being alone rather than being with others (Tinder 26). If humans are in fact estranged in essence, it would be ridiculous toShow MoreRelatedEastern and Western Parallels1424 Words   |  6 Pagesa suppressant to the spread of non-western thought. Even though Eastern ideologies tend to differ greatly from thoughts of the western world, there is some level of unity between the two. Unlike the ecclesiastical influences, seen in the west, Confucianism and Sikhi present thoughts about the individual and humankind’s natural goodness. In many cases of politic al and social order, Eastern and Western philosophy have found themselves parallel in thought. Western society views Confucianism as onlyRead MoreThe Theories Of Freedom Articulated By Rousseau, Burke, And Hegel1208 Words   |  5 PagesLeilte Assefa Professor Leonard Williams Mod. Cont. Political Thought March 13, 2017 2. Rousseau boldly asserts that we are â€Å"born free† but are â€Å"everywhere in chains.† what political theorists have thought about the concept of freedom, its basic meanings, and its presence or absence in the world. Discuss the theories of freedom articulated by Rousseau, Burke, and Hegel. In your view, which theorist expressed the most adequate understanding of freedom? Why? (300* 3)words for each theorist +Read MoreEssay on Antigone and Tragedy Archetypes and Art917 Words   |  4 Pagesbe further examined, because it has been largely ignored by other scholars and this relationship is rich with literary and political significance. â€Å"Most contemporary political theorists†¦ have focused on the fearsome clash between Antigone and Creon. The relationship between Antigone and her weaker, more cautious sister Ismene has not garnered similar attention† (Kirkpatrick, 2001). Though Antigone as a character can be analyzed through the lens of law and political science, her relationship to aRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment By Leonardo De Vinci s David957 Words   |  4 Pagesin God. With Religion being the center of Government, people tried to come up with ideas to keep God in charge. Martin Luther religious a German friar already chipped at the corruptions of the Church. Reject several teachings and practices such as calming that redemption from sin shouldn’t be paid with coin, created the start of new ways of thinking. With the new philosophy of rationalism being born in the 17th-18th century, the religion of reason became a center of thinking for philosophers, exposeRead MoreJohn Locke and Karl Marx on Social Justice812 Words   |  4 Pagesas a whole or to its classes. Various unique ideas on creating a just society have been established throughout history. Two of the more well-known concepts are those of Locke and Marx. While both have their ideas for a Just State, they are both very different within their aspects. John Lockes views on social justice and a just state began with his belief that all humans are governed by what he calls natural laws and are protected by their inalienable personal rights. Our inalienable rightsRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1494 Words   |  6 Pagesof abstract individualism, consent, sovereignty and reason will produce a peaceful and productive society. This theory is the liberal political theory, which is the philosophy of individual rights and a limited government. Both Hobbes and Locke both center the majority of their ideas off of how people’s lives should be based off of nature rights instead of natural law. This being said, people are also subject to the moral laws set and it is ones duty to preserve his wellbeing and strive to meet hisRead MoreLeaders Are Born Not Made1283 Words   |  6 PagesMaxwell (1993, p.11) has defined leadership as an ability to influence others. He also defined a leader as a person who influences a group of people t owards the achievement of a goal or goals. Leaders are also thought to be people who listen and learn from others, energize the organization, act for the benefit of everyone, develop themselves and others, empower others to lead and recognize achievement. Throughout the history there are some living examples of those who have been identified as leadersRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Darwinism1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe presidential elections are upon us once again, debate has been a common place to hear plans and deduce ideologies of various candidates. Income inequalities has been one hot topic and address by almost all the candidates. Some believe a higher tax rate on the rich is the solution whiles others believe it will do more harm to the society good. I ask myself, should Mr. Herbert Spencer, Minister Graham Sumner, and Andrew Carnegie come back to life, what will be their response? The aforementionedRead MoreConflicts Between Science and Religion1662 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction - In science, evolution is one of the basic templates for understanding the biology of an organism or ecological unit. Essentially, it is the change in inherited traits of a population through a process called natural selection in which only the strongest traits are appropriately adapted to the environment in question. Those traits from parents who are healthier and live longer are then passed down to future generations where the traits are amplified if the organism thrives. EvolutionRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Under International Law1219 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be legal under international law because everybody has the right to get married without legal discrimination. More and more governments each year around the world are considering legalizing same-sex marriages. Almost every year since 2009, at least one country in the world recognizes or allows same-sex marriage to happen. Over twenty countries have already legalized same-sex marriages in their nation. These countries include: United States, Argentina, Spain, South Africa, Norway, France, Canada

Red Bull- Consumer Behavior - 1881 Words

RedBull While working on this report, we tried to figure out the best way to go about completing a consumer analysis for Redbull. Initially, we were confused as to what to tackle first: the marketing strategy or the consumer profile? We figured that both the marketing and the communication strategy of Redbull in Pakistan were based on— or rather for— a very specific type of consumer. So our first task (in order to understand this consumer type, as well as the dynamics of Redbull’s marketing strategy) was to review the nature of the product, and establish a consumer profile for it. Redbull is an energy drink, developed specially for periods of increased mental and physical exertion in humans. It aims at increasing†¦show more content†¦Now that we have established the consumer profile for the average consumer of Redbull and highlighted the nature of the product itself, we will proceed by delineating these factors’ relationship to the marketing strategy of Redbull. Redbull is priced at Rs.100 per can in the market. It officially grants the retailer an incentive of Rs.10 per can, even though smaller retailers charge Rs.110 (driving their profit to Rs.20 per can). Considering the fact that it is a relatively expensive beverage, it is placed in medium to large sized shopping malls. Large shopping malls are also provided with little refrigerators in the shape of a Redbull can (see appendix 1 for picture) by the company for advertisement purposes. Armed with the knowledge that the average consumer also smokes cigarettes, the Redbull company ensures that cans are also sold at major tobacco shops in Lahore such as Tobacco Masters and Abdul’s Tobacco. They can also be found at popular â€Å"khokas† such as Two Guy Pan Shop in Fortress or Jaidi Pan Shop in Defence. During our research we found that the correlation between smoking and drinking Redbull was indeed quite strong as the average tobacco shop sold about 48 cans per day, while the average grocery store sold about 8-9 cans per day (not taking into account large shopping malls). Redbull is also placed at shops within colleges and some schools. It canShow MoreRelatedConsumer Behavior Analysis- Red Bull987 Words   |  4 Pagesproduct Red Bull. Today, this drink can be easily recognized by its tag line: Red Bull gives you wings. Twenty Five years ago Red Bull and Mr. Dietrich initiated their attempt at becoming a renowned brand and have successfully achieved that aim on a universal scale by implementing a uniformed marketing strategy. I will briefly mention their style of spreading awareness so as to be able to illustrate the main point of my paper, that of highlighting the differences between the consumer behavior of peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of Red Bulls Marketing Strategy1590 Words   |  7 Pagesmarkets their products and services to consumers plays a large role in the profitability of that organization. This strategy becomes more complicated when an organization operates in a global marketplace. Companies such as McDonalds use a marketing approach that provides for segmentation of the consumer based on their culture and behavior. Understanding the various customer segments allows for McDonalds to target or position t heir products to appeal to those consumers. Another company that has grownRead MoreRed Bull Environmental Scan1129 Words   |  5 PagesRed Bull’s popularity and status as the number one energy drink in the market reflects the importance allocated to marketing. 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SWOT Analysis Strengths †¢ There are highly differentiated between competing sellers. †¢ Low entry barriers †¢ The results of consumption are more beneficial than soda †¢ Premium price with a high profit margin Weaknesses †¢ Criticisms on health effects †¢ The industry is rapidly growing with new entrants †¢ Strong competition requires heavy promotion in order to stand out amongst competitors †¢ The economy forces customers to choose the better value at a lower price OpportunityRead MoreRed Bull Energy Drink1614 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Plan * Evaluation amp; Control 3. Executive Summary * Red Bull can be called as a pioneer in the energy drink category worldwide. In India too, Red Bull was the brand that created the energy drink category. * The brand came into existence in 1984. * The brand came to India in 2003. Although the brand has been keeping a low profile compared to the Cola majors , Red Bull has created a category of energy drinks in the Indian market. 4. Contd. Read MoreJudo Stategy754 Words   |  4 PagesChonlaros Rattanataros ID # 5202040142 MK.601 Economic Analysis (Part II) Homework II – Judo in Action 1. In each of the four cases, does the entrant or challenger (i.e. Softsoap, Red Bull, supermarkets, Freeserve) have a competitive advantage when they market? Would they if the incumbents imitated their product offerings immediately? Softsoap According to the time of the case, bar soap is the product which is the market leader until late 1977, Minnetonka release Soap Machine that is the first timeRead MoreBull Case Study Analysis : External Analysis Of Red Bull1097 Words   |  5 PagesBA4302 Red Bull Case Analysis External Analysis Political Factors: These include indirect or direct political factors affecting Red Bull. Among others are government instability, markets’ bureaucracy, corruption levels, the function and freedom of press, protectionism measures of home market, and market lobbying initiatives. Red Bull endeavors to impact specific political factors and pertinent laws and regulations through its efforts of lobbying. For instance, the moment the FDA were ready for the

Mccarthyism and the Crucible free essay sample

The Crucible the audience is supplied with an array of varying characters. Arthur Miller effectively categorizes the characters of the play into two juxtaposing categories; the accusers, and the accused. The accusers are led by the antagonist of the play, Abigail Williams, whereas the accused are led by the protagonist of the play, John Proctor. The audience sympathizes with John Proctor not only because he has been falsely accused, but also because he is a representation of the human condition. In contrast, Miller causes the audience to despise the accusers in order to exemplify the injustice of McCarthy.John Proctor is the primary character in the play that evokes pathos in the audience. Proctor made the infamous mistake of committing adultery and lechery with Abigail. Baby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut Off my hand before Ill ever reach for you again (peg. Miller showed similarities such as inconsistent reasons for accusing people and portrayed himself as the main character known as John Proctor who was a good citizen and only got involved in the whole fiasco to ray and fight for justice. Arthur Miller, born in 1915, grew up in New York to a Jewish family. His mother was a womans clothing manufacturer who lost everything due to the poor economy of the sasss. Miller knew that with his familys lack of money it would not be possible for them to afford for him to go to college.After high school, Miller worked in a warehouse to earn enough money to attend the University of Michigan where he began to write plays. The Man Who Had All the Luck, was his first play to make it to Broadway in 1 944 and was a complete failure closing only after four showings leaving Miller horribly pressed. This setback caused Miller to consider giving up on writing all together, however he knew he would eventually regret this decision and decided to give himself on more chance at success. He knew that he could write better and immediately went back to work. Summary) After three years of practicing and improving on his writing techniques, Arthur Miller returned to Broadway with high hopes. In 1 947, All My Sons was declared the best play of the year and sent Miller and theatrical stardom. Although his new play was a huge success, many critics still questioned his rioting talent by saying that he was simply a one hit wonder. That same year Miller secured his reputation as one of the nations foremost playwrights after releasing Death of a Salesman, which managed to win a Tony Award, a Pulitzer Prize and is still being revived today in film and on television.After Death of a Salesman, Miller continued to produce many successful plays, however none of his plays are as memorable as The Cruc ible, and not just because of the well-written story. He had no idea that he would eventually be targeted for communism by a power hungry senator. (graveside) Joseph McCarthy was born in 1908 on a farm in Wisconsin to a devout Christian family. At the age of fourteen, McCarthy left school in order to work as a chicken farmer before eventually managing a grocery store in a nearby town. In 1 928, he returned to high school and graduated in only one year.He eventually went to college at Marquette University in Milwaukee where he studied to be a lawyer and graduated in 1935. After college, he became a rather unsuccessful lawyer and had to balance out his income by playing games of poker. After failing to join the Democratic party, he switched over to he Republicans and won an election over Edgar Werner to be elected judge of the tenth judicial circuit of Wisconsin in 1939. While running against Werner, he shocked many by running a mudslinging campaign to make his opponent look unfit for the job.By the way he campaigned against Werner in this election showed the entire country that he would go to any lengths to prove his point or reach his goal. (Asparagus) Upon Americas entrance into World War II, McCarthy resigned fro his court judge position and entered the U. S. Marines. When returning from the war, McCarthy decided to run to become a Republican candidate for the senate. He believed that due to the fact that he was involved in the war there was no chance that the public wouldnt want him to represent them. McCarthy decided to use his time in the military to his full advantage; most of his campaigns featured him in full fighting gear. He also claimed to have successfully completed over thirty two missions when it had been proven that he had a desk job and only flew in training exercises. McCarthy far fetched stories, however didnt stop at his own past, he began making up stories in rider to attack his opponent Robert La Foliate. In the end, McCarthy ended up winning after virtually destroying Robert La Follicles career in politics.McCarthy damaged Follicles reputation so profusely that he resigned from politics completely and eventually committed suicide. (Asparagus) During McCarthy time as a senator, he did various things that people didnt agree with. After his first few unimpressive years in the senate he began being investigated for tax offenses and for taking bribes from the Pepsi Cola Company. He realized that he had to do something to get all of the negative erasure off of him so in 1 950 he called a private meeting.Only his closest friends and advisors were allowed to enter the meeting in which he talked to them about how he could retain his spot in the senate. Edmund Walsh gave him the idea of going on a campaign against communist subversives working in the Democratic administration. Jack Anderson provided McCarthy with a long list of politicians that could possibly be involved in the communist party. On February 9th, 1950 McCarthy announced that he knew of two-hundred and five politicians that were involved in the communist party and that they ere feeding information directly to the Soviet Union. Asparagus) The term McCarthy came about due to the escapades of Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy. The term began to be used when Joseph McCarthy started his search to root out public figures involved with the communist party. While on the hunt for communists, McCarthy would show no mercy and go to any lengths in order to prove his case true. Critics stated that his accusations were wild, baseless and that it was clear that McCarthy only did this to keep his spot in the senate. As people began to question his tacticsMcCarthy and his admirers responded by saying that it was merely Americanism with its sleeves rolled up. Over the years, as Joseph McCarthy was no longer involved in politics and the fear of communism began to die down, the term was still used to characterize anti-communism groups in America. In the end, even though there were cases in which McCarthy managed to root out actual communist supporters all of his muckraking, lies, and negative enforcement led to the downfall of the McCarthy era. Eventually after three-thousand federal employees were questioned, includingMcCarthy, it was made clear that many of his accusations were false and many of the charges were dropped. (bookmarks) In 1957, Art hur Miller was convicted of contempt of congress by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The conviction was one of many brought up due to evidence of a communist conspiracy to misuse American passports. Miller, who Was now married to Marilyn Monroe, stated that he had been warned that he would be attacked by McCarthy just as many of his acquaintances have and that he would refuse to back down.Miller knew that he was innocent, but he was also aware of McCarthy fierce tactics in order to win a ease. Before Miller was sent to court he tried to plead his innocence fully aware that his chances were slim to non, and after failing to do so he was sent before the House of Un-American Activities Committee. (news) Miller, although very angry about the accusation, was said to be very cooperative during the trial. Miller knew that if he was to act out of order in court or seem disrespectful in any way that it would severely cut down his chances on winning the case.All of the questions that he refused to answer were deemed unnecessary to the case and had no relations with the passpo rt inquiry. His counsel argued that the committee was simply trying to expose the playwright for exposures sake which is illegal. However, Judge McLaughlin found that the HUGH did have the right to look into the passport regulations and they found that he did have trouble receiving a passport from the State Department. Miller admitted that there were two very short periods, in 1 940 and 1 947, in which he had been close to communist activity so he could see where they might get these ideas.He also made it clear that although he was close the communist activity, his allegiances had always been and will always e with the united States. (news) After an exhausting six day trial, Arthur Miller was announced guilty by Federal Judge McLaughlin. The day the court an announced their final verdict Miller was not in court. There was no exact date announced for sentencing, but it was made clear that the case would automatically go to an appeal. After hearing the result of the trial Miller state, I have not comment to make, nor does my wife.Miller knew that he had been wronged and many of his us porters knew this too and some even spoke out against the verdict. The session made about this case was bound to question the whole system on congressional inquiries and their impingement of individual rights. In 1957, the verdict was reversed in appeals court allowing Arthur Miller to finally put the accusation behind him and return to his everyday life. (news) Millers inspirations for writing The Crucible clearly came from experiencing the McCarthy trials first hand.At the time, Senator Joseph McCarthy was head of a committee to question people about their relations to the communist party and eventually Arthur Miller himself was being accused. Writing The Crucible was his way of saving his career as there was a chance he had been black listed by the HIJACK. Being blacklisted by the HIJACK meant that they believed that you were most likely involved in illegal activity and wouldnt be allowed inside or to visit certain places.By releasing the play many people realized the similarities between the two events and began to see that the accusations were clearly far fetched at times. On top of the fact that Miller wanted to clear his name, he knew that this story would be a hit because of the time period in which he wrote it. He play was more successful than he had imagined. It attracted so much publicity that it marked him as one of the greatest play writes to ever live. Owe) Miller was able to string together various similarities between the McCarthy and Salem Trials in order to write The Crucible. Just as McCarthy would accuse people of communism with little evidence, people such as Abigail Williams and Mr. . Putnam from The Crucible would do the same thing. The townspeople in The Crucible began being bribed to drop names of possible witches, if they were to cooperate they would be spared and not convicted of Ithaca. This can be compared to the black list created by the House of Un- American Activities Committee.They used the black list as punishment for those who refused to cooperate with the committee in an attempt to get people to fess up about anything that they might know. The moment something odd was discovered about someone they would be accused almost immediately such as when a doll was found in the house of Elizabeth Proctor. As soon as the doll was found Mrs. . Proctor told them that it wasnt hers, but it was already to late. Joseph McCarthy was so set on finding unionists that he would use any lead he could find to get one of his victims on the stand.It is also said that Arthur Miller used John Proctor to portray himself during these unfortunate events. John Proctor only got involved with the witch trials because he saw them unjust, whereas Miller wrote The Crucible to speak his mind on how he thought McCarthy accusations were unfair. Miller also said that he wanted to use The [emailprotected] as a way to clear his name of the false accusations, while Proctor makes it very clear that all he wants is a clean name for his family as he takes the death penalty rather than infesting to witchcraft.Even though it would be clear on most occasions that you were innocent it was nearly impossible to overturn the jury and most people who spoke out against the allegations would eventually be accused of witchcraft or communism as well. This is what happened to John Proctor when he attempted to speak to the court about the accusations being made. The Crucible also turned out to be an excellent comparison to the McCarthy trials as Joseph McCarthy was said to be on a witch hunt for communists while the people of Salem were truly involved in a witch hunt.

Personal Communications Essays - Human Communication,

Personal Communications Improving personal communications is very important to today in the fast moving world. The communication process is very important, it is estmated that 80 percent of messages get deport? For better results replace ?You statements? with ?I statements.? Say I'm concerned...That will bring the person off of the defensive approch. Also discuss things as they happen with out waitng. When you wait things can be losted or forgotten. If you work them out early it will be much easier for you and the other person. Select the right ime and place to discuss something. Like and office away from co-workers or customers or busy phones. So that person has your full attention. Overwhelming other with your self disclosure is not a good idea. You shoudl be open, but don't share too much, too fast. Before sayign anything consider these three things. 1. Is the statement true? 2. Is the statement necessary? 3. Is the statement kind? Be aware of your nonverble cues. Cues give you away easy. Example, hesitation in your voice, expression of doubt on your face, and a long pause. The emotion you give is how intrested you are. doing this their is filters example. Sender (You)-----Sender Filters *Semantics{upersonal communications is very important to today in the fast moving world. The communication process is very important, it is estmated that 80 percent of messages get distorted or lost. Impersonal communication is not always the right way to speak with people. This would be fax, e-mail,bulliton board, voice mail and manuals etc. Interpersonal communications is a verbal exchange of thoughts or imformation between two or more people, and through this it allows people to give feedback on what they have to say or ideas they would like to share. In Communications theirs always (You) Message Sender. Next, Message (Directions) Next, (Friend) Message Receiver. By doing this their is filters example. Sender (You)-----Sender Filters *Semantics, *Emotion, *Attitudes, *Role Expectations, *Gender Bias.----Message----Receiver Filtes, *Semantics, *Emotion, *Attitudes, *Role Expectations, *Gender Bias.---Receiver (Plu mber) Semantic is a word that will ahve different meanings to different people. Example WordProcessing to some people that might mean type writer. To me it means Computer typing. Emotions play a big part on what kinda feed back you get when talk to someone. If a CEO, comes into a busniess meeting and starts yelling and gives everyone a real big attitude. The people who have to come up with ideas aren't going to say much. If they have an idea they will probably won't say it at all. That also falls into Attitudes. When working in a company you have to find a role. What I mean by a role is you have to find a common ground of what you have to get done and do it. There will be some gender bias in every company or work place, you just need to find something you like and stick to it. Nonverbal Messages play a huge part. Example if you are the boss and someone is trying to give you an idea they came up with and you are not giving them eye contact, a dirty facial expression, and uncomfotable gestures. The person will feel that you could careless. When in a work enviroment everyone needs some kind of personal space. When provided personal space people work better and easier and more relaxed. When talking to someone send clear messages try to keep out all the filters. So people won't be misunderstood. Use words carefully, example use words that are simple, clear and cannot be mistaken. Use repetion when possible send the people an e-mail or leave a message, that will get there attention. Develop listening skill, everytime you talk with someone you're working on listening skills. Apply that to the next person. Active listening you're seeing and listening to what they have to say. Empathic listening is good to a company becuase it gives a employee someone to talk to too about personal problems. Here's some steps 1. Avoid being judgmental. 2. accept what is said. 3. Be patient. This will help a company in a big way. You want to create a climate that encourages upward communication. Have the people below at the bottom give ideas and partisapate

What to Do if Social Security Declares You Dead

What to Do if Social Security Declares You Dead You might arrangements for somebody to take care of your affairs after you die, but what if that â€Å"somebody† ends up being you? What should you do if the Social Security Administration (SSA) prematurely declares you dead? I’m Not Quite Dead Yet It starts with little clues, like when your ATM card no longer access your bank account or your druggist informs you that your health insurance seems to have been cancelled. You actually start to feel like you no longer exist. Then, the next day, a letter from the Social Security Administration confirms your fears by offering its sympathy for your death, informing you that your monthly benefit payments will stop  and that any payments made since your â€Å"death† would be removed from your bank account. Poor, poor dead you. Being incorrectly tagged as dead by Social Security can be devastating. Once SSA decides you are dead, it publishes your full name, Social Security number, birthday and supposed date of death in a publicly-accessible document called the Death Master File. Created to help prevent fraud, like somebody getting a credit card in a dead person’s name, or using dead peoples’ names to get tax refunds, the Death Master File too often exposes living people incorrectly listed on it to identity theft. Most cases of being incorrectly flagged as deceased are due to simple clerical errors, sometimes related to the actual death of close relatives – like spouses – who have the same last names. Sometimes states send incorrect or incomplete death information to SSA, or data entry errors might occur if SSA employees manually input death records.   How Often Does it Happen? How likely are you to be incorrectly listed as dead? According to a 2011 audit report from the Social Security Administration’s inspector general, from May 2007 to April 2010, almost 36,657 living people – 12,219 per year had been incorrectly listed as deceased on the Death Master File. The inspector general further estimated that since the file’s inception in 1980, from 700 to 2,800 people had been incorrectly declared dead every month a total of more than 500,000. Considering that the SSA receives about 2.5 million death records each year from many sources, the error rate is really very low, and when the SSA becomes aware it has posted a death record in error, the agency typically moves quickly to correct the situation.   Maintaining the Death Master File involves a complex, multi-level reporting process, so most cases of being incorrectly flagged as deceased are due to simple clerical errors; sometimes related to the actual deaths of close relatives, like spouses, who have the same last names. How Do You Fix It? It’s easy to prove you are not â€Å"a† dead person, but not so easy to prove you are not â€Å"the† dead person. How do you do it? According to the Social Security Administration (SSA), if you suspect you might have been incorrectly listed as dead on your Social Security record, you should visit – in person your local Social Security office as soon as possible. Most offices allow you to call ahead for an appointment. When you go, make sure to bring at least one of the following pieces of identification with you: Passport;Adoption record;Drivers license;Employee ID card;Military record;School ID card, record or report card;Marriage or divorce record;Health insurance card (except a Medicare card);Certified copy of medical record;Life insurance policy;Court order for name change; orChurch membership that establishes your identity. Important: The SSA stresses that the identification documents you show them must be original documents or copies certified by the agency that issued to them. They will not accept non-certified photocopies or notarized copies. In addition, all identification documents must be current. Expired documents will not be accepted. Finally, the SSA will not accept a receipt showing you applied for a document. Ask for Your ‘Proof of Life’ Letter When and if the correct your records, the SSA can send you a letter that you can give to banks, doctors or others to show that your death report was in error. This letter is called the Erroneous Death Case - Third Party Contact Notice.† Be sure to request this letter when you visit your SSA office. The Death Master File Cuts Both Ways Just as the SSA can wrongly declare people dead, it can declare then immortal, which poses an expensive problem for all living taxpayers. In May 2016, another SSA inspector general reported that more than 6.5 million Americans aged 112 and older still have active Social Security numbers. Seems strange, considering that a New York resident believed at the time to be the world’s oldest living man at age 112, died in 2013.

Appellate Jurisdiction in the US Court System

Appellate Jurisdiction in the US Court System The term â€Å"appellate jurisdiction† refers to the authority of a court to hear appeals to cases decided by lower courts. Courts that have such authority are called â€Å"appellate courts.† The appellate courts have the power to reverse or modify the lower court’s decision. Key Takeaways: Appellate Jurisdiction Appellate jurisdiction is the authority of a court to hear and decide appeals to decisions made by lower courts.In the United States federal court system, cases originally decided in the district courts can be appealed only to the circuit courts of appeals, while decisions of the circuit courts can be appealed only to the U.S. Supreme Court. Decisions of the Supreme Court cannot be further appealed.The right to appeal is not guaranteed by the Constitution. Instead, the appellant must â€Å"show cause† by convincing the appeals court that the trial court had failed to properly apply the laws involved or to follow proper legal procedures.The standards by which an appeals court decides the correctness of a lower court’s decision is base whether the appeal was based on a question of substantive facts of the case or on an incorrect or improper application of the legal process resulting in the denial of due process of law.   While the right to appeal is not bestowed by any law or the Constitution, it is generally considered to be embodied in general tenets of law prescribed by the English Magna Carta of 1215. Under the federal hierarchical dual court system of the United States, the circuit courts have appellate jurisdiction over cases decided by the district courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over the decisions of the circuit courts. The Constitution gives Congress the authority to create courts under the Supreme Court and to determine the number and location of courts with appellate jurisdiction. Currently, the lower federal court system is made up of 12 geographically located regional circuit courts of appeal which have appellate jurisdiction over 94 district trial courts. The 12 appellate courts also have jurisdiction over specialized cases in involving the federal government agencies, and cases dealing with patent law. In the 12 appellate courts, appeals are heard and decided by three-judge panels. Juries are not used in the appeals courts. Typically, cases decided by the 94 district courts can be appealed to a circuit court of appeals and decisions for the circuit courts can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court also has â€Å"original jurisdiction† to hear certain types of cases that may be allowed to bypass the often lengthy standard appellate process. From about 25% to 33% of all appeals heard by federal appellate courts involve criminal convictions. The Right to Appeal Must be Proven Unlike other legal rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution, the right to appeal is not absolute. Instead, the party asking for the appeal called the â€Å"appellant,† must convince the appellate jurisdiction court that the lower court had incorrectly applied a law or failed to follow proper legal procedures during the trial. The process of proving such errors by the lower courts is called â€Å"showing cause.† The appellate jurisdiction courts will not consider an appeal unless cause has been shown. In other words, the right to appeal is not required as part of â€Å"due process of law.† While always applied in practice, the requirement to show cause in order to gain the right to appeal was confirmed by the Supreme Court in 1894. In deciding the case of McKane v. Durston, the justices wrote, â€Å"An appeal from a judgment of conviction is not a matter of absolute right, independently of constitutional or statutory provisions allowing such appeal.† The court continued, â€Å"A review by an appellate court of the final judgment in a criminal case, however, grave the offense of which the accused is convicted, was not at common law and is not now a necessary element of due process of law. It is wholly within the discretion of the state to allow or not to allow such a review.† The way in which appeals are dealt with, including determining whether or not the appellant has proven the right to appeal, can vary from state to state. Standards by Which Appeals are Judged The standards by which a court of appeals judges the validity of a lower court’s decision depends on whether the appeal was based on a question of facts presented during the trial or on an incorrect application or interpretation of a law by the lower court. In judging appeals based on facts presented at trial, the court of appeals judges must weigh the facts of the case based on their own firsthand review of the evidence and observation of witness testimony. Unless a clear error in the way the facts of the case were represented to or interpreted by the lower court can be found, the appeals court will generally deny the appeal and allow the decision of the lower court to stand. When reviewing issues of law, the court of appeals may reverse or modify the lower court’s decision if the judges find the lower court wrongly applied or misinterpreted the law or laws involved in the case. The court of appeals may also review â€Å"discretionary† decisions or rulings made by the lower court judge during the trial. For example, the appeals court might find that the trial judge improperly disallowed evidence that should have been seen by the jury or failed to grant a new trial due to circumstances that arose during the trial. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.† Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law SchoolAbout U.S. Federal Courts.† United States Courts

No Housing Around Texas Wesleyan University Research Proposal

No Housing Around Texas Wesleyan University - Research Proposal Example The company that was employed also works with the major street improvements that take place around the area where the university is situated. The admissions that usually take place at the university are considered to be selective and the undergraduate enrollment is 1,794 while the graduate enrollment is 1,410 students. Fifty eight percent of the student population is female and there are 1,233 students who are enrolled in the full time programs while 561 are enrolled in the part time with 44 percent of the student body being identified as minority. Only 412 students reside inside the campus out of the total population of the school due to lack of adequate boarding and accommodation facilities in the university and most of the students that are enrolled in this university are from Texas. Out of the total population of the students that are enrolled by the university, only 412 students live inside the university and the rest of the students have to find alternative places to live outside the campus. There are houses that offer this alternative residential living for the students but these houses are expensive for the students and cannot house many of the students. There are no apartment buildings that can adequately cater for the accommodation needs of many of the students at the same time. As a result of the lack in adequate housing for the university students at the Texas Wesleyan University, the prices that the students who do not get accommodation inside the university have to pay at the alternative housing around the university are very high. The limited housing that exists around the university does not offer competitive rates that are in the range that the university charges those students living within the campus. This makes the students seek alternative housing in areas that are further from the campus so that they can be able to have relatively lower rates.

The Effects of Dual Credit and Dual Enrollment on High School Students Essay

The Effects of Dual Credit and Dual Enrollment on High School Students - Essay Example To resolve this issue of seniors â€Å"blowing off the senior year† due to a lack of any substantial challenge, in 1973 the Project Advance program of Syracuse University was created (Andrews, 2004). Following this development the model was adopted by various institutions and consequently there was an emergence of a multitude of dual credit programs. In 1974, LaGuardia Community College, New York established the Middle College High School program targeting alienated and at risk students in typical high schools who potentially may not succeed in acquiring their diplomas (Lewis & Overman, 2008). Similar programs were adopted by Florida International University in 1982 (Partners in Progress) and Kingsborough Community College in 1984 (College Now). Motivated by the success of the Minnesota dual credit program, Washington State passed the ‘Running Start’ program in 1990 which allowed juniors and seniors with necessary qualifications to take college level courses at te chnical and community colleges without having to pay college tuition. In 1994 this was expanded to incorporate four year universities if there were no community colleges in the high school district (Kim & Bragg, 2008; Board, 2011) In 2004, the legislature founded House Bill 3103 which established federal guidelines tailored to provide assistance to high schools via increasing the magnitude of dual credit programs, expanding the breadth of the curriculum of these programs, and tutoring/mentoring students to aid in a seamless transition into postsecondary educational institutions (Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board, 2005). Definitional Issues Opinion is divided among experts regarding the proper terminology that should be accorded to the opportunity provided to high school students to attend college classes which generate credits at both high school and college levels. The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board defines a dual credit course as one that includes academic as well as technical courses. For the present purpose, dual enrollment hereon is defined following Klein (2007, p.23) as â€Å"courses that allow high school students to receive both high school and college credit simultaneo usly†. These modules are typically taught by professors or adjunct instructors belonging to the institution, and the same classes are attended by college and high school students. Concurrent enrollment for early-college high schools is also located on the college campus but only high school students attend class. The Early College High School, founded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation in 2002 serves traditionally underrepresented students by enabling them to access the simultaneous pursuit of college credits and a high school (American Institute for Research, 2009). Because they are easier to implement as well as less expensive, concurrent and dual enrollments have gained greater popularity (Karp & Bailey, April 2005). Kim & Bragg (2008) additionally distinguish articulated credit courses such as career and technical education, International Baccalaureate and Advanced Placement which only allow high school students to apply for the college credits. The present literatur e review will restrict its focus to concurrent and dual credit courses. Notably, these courses have the twin fold benefit of assisting a high school student either to an academic career or into the workforce (Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, 2011). The paper will primarily address the following questions: 1. What are the principal benefits and major concerns for students who participate in dual enrollment/dual credit programs? 2. What are the central advantages and disadvantages for partnering institutions? 3. What

Management and Team Essay Example for Free

Management and Team Essay A team displaying effective team performance are identified as having several characteristics. These are: Clear Goals: These are essential and ensure that the team as a whole are working towards the same positive outcome – thus ensuring an effective and in tune team. Defined Roles and job descriptions: In order to encourage effective team performance it is critical that each team member in each position has definitive roles. When these are not followed confusion is rife and the performance of the team can be severely damaged. Defined roles ensure that each team member is doing what they should, know who to call on for assistance in a certain situation and makes for smooth and effective team performance. Open and clear communication: This ensures that all team members grow within a trusting and healthy interpersonal forum at work. Open and clear communications are the only way to ensure that a team performs effectively. Excellent communication throughout the team ensures that the team are working in sync with each other, making a strong in tune outfit. Effective decision making: Teams must receive training on effective decision making procedures in order for them to be effective. Read more:Â  Define the Key Features of Effective Team Performance If a team follows this training then the performance is enhanced across the whole team and mostly the best decisions are made using this process. Time is often saved using these techniques making for a happier healthier team. Participation from all team members: Regular time and forums to gather all team members are essential to the performance of the team. It not only empowers workers to give their opinion but allows and encourages all within a team to have their ideas and opinions validated – thus making a positive enhancement on the team. Participation also encourages the sharing of ideas and knowledge within the team creating diversity within the team as a whole. Valued diversity: Every team member has a different idea, opinion or approach and so bringing all of the differences from each individual together – this enhances the knowledge and diversity of the team as a whole. For instance – someone may be methodical and the other creative. Between them they sho uld have all avenues covered to make a well rounded team when put together. Recognising, at supervisions and team meetings, each individuals strengths enables the team to have many sides to use and in turn enhances performance. Managed conflict: is essential to effective team performance as it stops issues and problems from being ignored. It is a safe and positive way to take problems and bring out new ideas in order to solve and put at ease any members of the team affected by this conflict. It gives team members a chance to be heard and a solution sought in order to keep the team the best that it can be. Positive atmosphere: People who are happy in their work have been proven to be more productive than those who dislike their position and so positivity is a must at all times within a team. Cooperative relationships: An effective team gets along well and takes knowledge from co workers to improve the things they are less able to do alone. It has been proven that optimum team performance is achieved by team members who get along with each other. Participative leadership: An effective team with have leadership who are good role models. The leaders will be involved in the same type of work as all team members on occasion and show that they themselves can and will work as part of the team, even if they are at the top. It has been written that it should be difficult to identify the leader in effective teams upon observation. (Bruce Tuckman 1965) states that the best way to gain effective team performance is to follow his theory of Forming, Storming, Norming and performing. Following his theory tool is definitely a way forward and shows key features of effective team performance. When each stage is followed , a team should reach maximum performance quickly and with ease. (www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_86.htm) To summarise – the features of effective team performance are to have a happy knowledgeable team who meet regularly, share experiences, ideas and knowledge, to ensure team members are valued and to create a happy work environment where conflicts are safely managed and management are actively seen a nd involved within the team. With all of the above features evident within an organisations team should ensure and show excellent team performance. 1.2 IDENTIFY THE CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED BY DEVELOPING TEAMS Challenges experienced by developing teams include the notion that team members may become overwhelmed if the development is handled wrongly. Psychologist Bruce Tuckman (1965)says that in the initial stages of team development it is easy for teams to become overwhelmed by expectations of what they are being asked to do. However if the theory and tools are used correctly, team development is planned carefully, and the plan followed then all challenges can be overcome. With any team, disengagement should be looked for as if members do not participate then they will not achieve the desired outcome. Reading many papers on the matter lead me to believe that if you keep a team engaged, have a stringent plan, outline goals for the team and orchestrate using tried and tested methods, all challenges that may arise will be overcome. Time is always difficult to find with developing teams to enable the progression. Regular time should be allowed for team performance meetings and it is always difficult to orchestrate a workforce to develop. However difficult, a conclusion from my reading is that teams need time and without adequate tim e and a leader who knows what they are doing, developing teams can be seriously impaired. 1.3 IDENTIFY THE CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED BY ESTABLISHED TEAMS Established teams can be difficult to change. If an established team has effective team performance then great but if an established team has team performance that is not good then an established team may be difficult to shape as they will not be used to the new strategies and ideas involved in upping their performance. Following on as a Manager into an environment already established is always difficult. Bringing in new ideas – it is written that established teams can become un nerved and so this should be done using tried and tested techniques. It is important to identify in established teams what already works and grow with that and to slowly bring in new ideas and routes to enhance performance. Resistance to change is a natural response by human beings and should be looked out for and overcome quickly so as not to see a decline in positivity within established teams. (http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-pm-cm.htm) 1.4 EXPLAIN HOW CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE TEAM PERFORMANCE CAN BE OVERCOME. Team performance challenges can be overcome by using communication. Excellent communication is at the forefront of any issues and challenges with team performance. Listening is also equally as important as the team should be viewed as a whole and not as an individual. This builds trust and can be imperative in overcoming issues. The whole team will fell valued. Team time spent together can also be productive – socialising and getting to know each other can alleviate stresses and strains and can make a firm foundation for problem solving. All team members must be treated as equals. Problems will come if team members feel that one member receives special treatment. A Manager must also show consistency when completing all tasks with the team. Offers of helping team members is a positive solution as if you do the work yourself and complete the task – others will see that you are an equal and should respond positively. 1.5 ANALYSE HOW DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT STYLES MAY INFLUENCE OUTCOMES OF TEAM PERFORMANCE. There are five management styles widely used throughout the world today. They are: Authoritarian Management: A Manager at the head of the company decides how things are to be done and how each team member will work. There is no room for autonomy within this style. The Manager is solely responsible for devising company policy and implementing it. This Management style could isolate the team when used alone – although there is a place in certain settings for this management style to be used. Democratic Management – this heavily involves all employees and encourages them to have a sense of ownership and to be a part of the decision making process within a company. This Management style to me seems to be the most productive in encouraging teamwork. Democratic Management is what is used in my own company through team meetings. Staff are involved in the changing of systems and work and it is very productive. Paternalistic Management is where the boss acts as a parent to the employees. This style encompasses employees social needs into the equasion and looks at them as a whole person instead of just a worker. I can see how this management style creates a friendly working environment although my worry would be that employees would become too familiar. I believe this syle to enhance team performance . Autocratic Management – This is when a Manager makes decisions in line with their opinions and views and completely alone without the assistance of a team. This management style can leave employees feeling under valued and that they can have no opinion or say in how things are to be. There is no team involvement in this style. Autocratic management can often present as a well run company on the outside but on the inside employees may be dissatisfied – thus team performance damaged severely. Laissez – faire management – This management theory is defined as having employees that manage their own sections of the business and the over all manager watches from a distance. I like this management theory as at team meetings each member who has been responsible for their own areas can bring in their own achievements, problems and findings. If the right people are placed in the right position – this theory can be very productive. The over all manager can take more of a back seat if done well and the individuals can run the company – but only if they are self motivated individuals. 1.6 ANALYSE METHODS OF DEVELOPING TRUST AND ACCOUNTABILITY A democratic management style clearly develops trust as every team member is involved in the processes and operations of the company. Developing trust is based around communication. As we interact, question, disagree with and support decisions in a positive way, we build confidence in one another and promote overall group success ( Limas 2003) Key elements for developing trust are communication methods. Active listening, body language, group interaction and group communication must be used, observed and acted upon. This is why team meetings encompassing these are essential to develop group trust. The leader of all team interactions must be familiar with all communication methods with a view to trust buildings. Accountability development. Robust performance is based guided accountability. Within an organisation it is essential that all involved know their accountability and when this is acted upon. For instance – Managers are accountable for ongoing training and how this is guided through supervisions and passed onto staff members. In a domiciliary care setting – all workers have a job description and code of practice. They also receive training on safeguarding, record keeping and any other aspect of their day to day role. When workers have signed policies and procedures they will be aware of their own individual accountability. It is essential that regular training and updates are done so that all know who is accountable and for what within a care setting. The Management need training in these matters so that they know their own responsibilities. Accountability is developed when own responsibility is defined. 1.7 COMPARE METHODS OF ADDRESSING CONFLICT WITHIN A TEAM. There are many methods of addressing conflict within a team. (Goldfien and Robbennolt 2007) developed a dual model based upon assertiveness and empathy and have proven that linking these together using their five conflict resolution is productive. These are avoidance conflict – adopting a wait and see approach. This can often lead the conflict to go out of control. Yeilding conflict style – this is based upon having more regard for the person creating the conflict than of ones own self. This is used by individuals who with to keep social situations pleasant. They give into demands so as to not upset the apple cart. Competitive conflict style – this maximises individual assertiveness and minimises empathy. This style is used for dominating people who simply wish to win or lose. This is an aggressive style of conflict that usually involves arguing and shouting and power games. It is based upon feelings of intimidation (Morrill 1995) Cooperation conflict style – This style is when the individual takes into account both sides of the conflict and to the best possible outcome for both parties. This style is based around the conflict being dealt with assertiveness and empathy in equal measure. According to literature that has been written on conflict resolution – a cooperative conflict resolution style is recommended above all others ( Sternberg and Dobson 1987) Conciliation conflict style – This style is based around fairness. Giving and taking actions are evident to reach half way thus promoting conflict resolution. This style is both yielding and co operative combined. When a conflict is evident then the management should seek these styles and act accordingly dependant on the nature of the conflict. It is also about personal preference and characteristics of the individuals involved in the conflict. My personal method of dealing with conflict within my company is the consiliation style first and foremost but with the different styles above I can use another if my natural choice is unsuccessful – which it is not very often it does not work. References Bruce Tuckman . (1965). Managent theories and styles. Available: http//www.mba-online-program.com. Last accessed 14th sept 2012. Goldfien and Robbennolt. (2007). conflict resolution. Available: http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conflict_resolution_conflict_management. Last accessed 08th oct 2012. management. (2011). established teams. Available: http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-pm-cm.htm). Last accessed 08th oct 2012. MIT human resources. (2012). Accountibility. Available: http//hrweb.mit.edu/performance-development/accountibility. Last accessed 08th oct 2012. Morill and Sternberg and Dobson. (1995). Conflict resolution. Available: http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conflict_resolution.conflict_management. Last accessed 08th oct 2012. Univerity of Florida. (2010). Developing trust and co operation. Available: http//edis.ifas.ufl/fy748. Last accessed 08th oct 2012. wikihow. (2010). How to build trust. Available: http//www.wikihow.com/build-trust. Last accessed 08th oct 2012.

Ghibertis Baptistry Doors 3rd Set :: Essays Papers

Ghibertis Baptistry Doors 3rd Set The work of art that I chose to do my research paper on was Ghiberti's 3rd set of Baptistry Doors. These doors are known as "The Gates of Paradise." The doors were commissioned in 1427; they were finally completed and installed in 1452 at the eastern entrance of the Baptistry of San Giovanni. The replication of the doors is located in San Francisco, at Grace Cathedral. The doors consist of ten square panels, gilded together. Surrounding the panels are small heads, floral motifs, and niches that contain miniature statues of Prophets. Leonardo Bruni created the iconographic formula, taken from stories of the Old Testament. Ghiberti followed the plans and created 10 scenes ranging from the Creation of Adam and Eve to the reign of King Solomon. The top left panel is the scene of the Creation, Temptation and Expulsion of Adam and Eve. The top right panel is the scene of Cain murdering Abel. The next panel is of Noah and the Flood; then Abraham sacrificing Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph being sold into slavery by his brothers; Moses receiving the Ten Commandments; Joshua and the battle of Jericho; David and Goliath; and finally Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. All the panels were gilded in gold, giving them a uniform and seamless perspective. Ghiberti was a master of using perspective in his works. The attention to detail is apparent when you examine closely the sculpted figures in each panel. They all seem three-dimensional. The way in which Ghiberti sculpted each figure, gives them a shadow against the background which is key to the three-dimensional perspective of each figure. The way in which the panels were positioned on the doors is interesting. Instead of using smaller panels, which would allow for more scenes, Ghiberti chose to use large panels that are easy to see. The miniature figures and heads surrounding the ten panels is another interesting point. The full body figures are Prophets. There are 20 prophets surrounding the panels. Most likely they were also taken from the Old Testament. Each of these prophets is in the motion of some type of action. Their action is probably what they were known for and why they became Prophets. Again, Ghiberti gives each a three-dimensional pose. He is past the old ways of symmetry and each figure looks realistic in pose.

How to hack crack email account password Essay

Email Password Hacking or cracking is the process of recovering passwords from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system.The use of passwords goes back to ancient times. Sentries guarding a location would challenge for a password or watchword. We Know how to defeat sentries or bypass them. Records of Email – Records of Instant Messages and Chatroom Conversations – MSN Messenger – Yahoo Messenger – ICQ – AOL Instant Messenger – Plus various chat rooms! Records of Web Sites Visited – URL visited – Date and Time the web page was first viewed Screenshots from the targeted computer And MUCH MORE â€Å"I’ve been suspecting my husband has been having an internet affair for 4 years now. After using your secrets I discovered he has been having numerous online relationships with many women! He even had the photos stored on his email† — Michelle S, Birmingham, AL(it’s a comment from one of our client) Many passwords can be guessed either by humans or by sophisticated crackingprograms armed with dictionaries and the user’s personal information.If still can`t get the password you are looking for then turn to  us, rest we will do and find/hack/legitimate/recover that password for just 150$ and you need to pay only after when you are satisfied. In one survey of MySpace passwords which had been phished, 3.8 percent of passwords were a single word found in a dictionary, and another 12 percent were a word plus a final digit; two-thirds of the time that digit was 1

Philosophy, Theory, and Ideology : Comparison and Contrasts Essay

I. Definition of Philosophy, Ideology and Theory The words Philosophy, Theology and Ideology are linked with each other. In order to discuss and compare each, definitions of the words are important. Philosophy is a greek word that came from the words â€Å"philo† and â€Å"sophia†. â€Å"Philo† means love and sophia means wisdom. Taking these two words literally, the word philosophy can be defined as the â€Å"love of wisdom† (theophil-bcantens.barry.edu, 2007). An article from theophil-bcantens.barry.edu (2007) had further explained that philosophy is a study of the ultimate. This definition was taken from what the philosophers had said about philosophy and the concepts that have been studied in philosophy. Ideology as defined in the dictionary, according to Rolf Schwarz, â€Å"is a belief or a set of beliefs, especially the political beliefs on which people, parties, or countries base their actions.† On the other hand, Theory is defined by Curran and Takata (2007) as a systematic way of thought about a subject. II. Comparison of Philosophy, Ideology and Theory Based on the three meanings, differences can now be seen from the three words. Philosophy is seen as a discipline like a branch of science or a branch of education. It is a subject that has theories and ideologies on its own. On the other hand, Ideology is a belief, meaning a person or a group of person could belief on that particular idea or not. Ideology pertains to any belief, as long as there is a person that believe in an idea then that can be pertained as the ideology of that particular idea. A theory is a way of thinking that explains something logically. A theory is usually a way to help clarify the things that are happening around us. As the author had stated, Philosophy is a study of the ultimate. Ideologies are sometimes formed based on Philosophy. Most of the topic in Philosophy is quite complicated and almost all issues are still under debate. According to Aristotle in Metaphysics, â€Å"All men naturally have an impulse to get knowledge.†, because there are many things in the world that are yet to be clarified people tend to study why this is so. Philosophers tried to explain things and made some theories in philosophy. An example of which is Mentalism. This is considered as a philosophical theory wherein â€Å"the mind is the true reality and objects exists only as aspects of the mind’s awareness† (the freedictionary.com, 2007). However, others based their beliefs on Philosophy. Example is the Aetheist. The ideology of the Aetheist is that â€Å"God does not exist†. That is what they believe, however it is not yet proven still. III. Conclusion As a conclusion, theory, ideology and philosophy differ in form. Philosophy is a discipline, Ideology is a belief and Theory is a way of thinking. These words are concerned with how the people think based on their everyday lives. People are curious about what is happening in their environment and because of this, people formulated several questions about the existence of something or about the meaning of something. The questioning is then perceived as a philosophy if people start to study and try to discover the answer to the questions that are still yet to be found. Philosophical theories can become ideologies depending on the one who perceives it. On the other hand, an Ideology cannot be accounted as a theory because it is based on the belief of people. The belief could either be logical or not.

HAKA--traditional dance performance in New Zealand essays

HAKAtraditional dance performance in New Zealand essays Most people will identify HAKA as a war dance, actually this is an erroneous description, but it ¡Ã‚ ¯s understandable. One relatively formal definition is that composition played by many instruments. Hands, feet, legs, body, voice, tongue and eyes all play their part in blending together to covey in their fullness the challenge, welcome, exultation, defiance or contempt of the words. (Armstrong A, 1964) According to Armstrong, he describes two general types of HAKA by whether weapons are carried or not: HAHA taparahi, which is performed without weapons and may express public or private sentiment; and HAKA peruperu, in which the performers carry weapon. (Armstrong, A, 1964) There are also other methods to distinguish HAKA, which are differed by their function, by their manner of performance, by grouping of performers: ( Mclean, M 1996) Ngeri ¡Ã‚ ªany short informal composition in HAKA form performed with or without dance and could be regarded as a short, sharp, wake-up action Tuara ¡Ã‚ ªa type of ngeri in which words describe sexual connotations and imagery to express derision Tumoto ¡Ã‚ ªanother type of ngeri which is a virulent chant to indicate revenge for some injury or defeat in battle Pirori ¡Ã‚ ªa HAKA performed naked which indicate contempt revulsion Kaioraora ¡Ã‚ ªa HAKA composed by women to vent their anger at a an event which has occurred 2 By manner of performance HAKA horuhoru ¡Ã‚ ªperformed in a kneeling position by both sexes HAKA hoiri ¡Ã‚ ªperformed with swaying movement HAKA matohi ¡Ã‚ ªperformed by men only in which they exaggeratedly expose their posterior HAKA pikari ¡Ã‚ ªin which feet are shuffled HAKA aroakapa ¡Ã‚ ªa haka performed in two ranks. HAKA maporowha ¡Ã‚ ªperformed with performers forming a square. There is a type of HAKA performed by women only, is pukana. Although it is not mentioned within HAKA, accords exactly the definition of HA ...

14 Weirdest College Christmas Trees

14 Weirdest College Christmas Trees It’s not that college students don’t love Christmas or take it seriously. That’s not the case at all. The issue is that due to financial restraints some people are forced to get creative. Like a Marine, they must adapt and overcome, and use whatever they have at their disposal. What you end up with are these 14 weirdest college Christmas trees. 1. An Elaborately Decorated Traffic Cone Hey, it’s kind of the same shape as a tree, right? They’re handy and sitting in the road, or perhaps half buried in dirt in the front lawn. Why not just grab some tape, a string of lights and maybe a roll of dental floss and voila, Christmas Cone Tree. 2. The Almighty Beer Bottle Christmas Tree Many have tried, but few succeed. In reality, pulling off an impressive beer bottle tree is hard to do. How many college kids does it take? No one knows yet. Search around the net though and you’ll discover the beer-tree creation is a science (should be a degree option). 3. A Majestically Stacked Pizza Box Tree There’s at least 30 of them all stacked neatly in the corner behind the thing (otherwise known as the love seat sofa), so why not put them to good use? It all comes down to stacking, super glue and then all the many adornments laying around the house. 4. The Keg Tree You’ll need about 20 kegs to pull off a monster keg tree. Stacking them is simple and then decoration is cake walk. Lights galore, and to finish it off perhaps a single light within a Jgermeister bottle (festive green of course)? 5. Walk Outside Grab a Twig When all else fails simply walk outside, grab the nearest branch with foliage still clinging to it (Pine is ideal) and then stick it a bottle, tac it to a wall, or whatever it takes. That right there is a classic dorm room tree, worth of center window placement. 6. The Textbook Tree What else are they good for? Plus, they’re heavy and won’t be missed, unlike the pizza boxes. You can use them to hold lights in place but getting ornaments to hang from them is a bit tricky. 7. Traffic Cone + Branch Tree Combining a traffic cone with a branch is another epic strategy for the â€Å"staying on-campus this year† Christmas student. Like putting peanut butter and bananas together, it just works. 8. Blowup Dino-Tree They’re green with spots and come with plenty of things to hang thing from. Plus, the plastic is thick enough to where you can tape all kinds of festive things (popcorn strings anyone?) on them. Who doesnt love a quality blowup Dino-tree? 9. Air freshener from a Stick Tree Grab one of those timeless, and fresh scented, air fresheners that already come in the shape of a Christmas tree and dangle it from a stick. In college you have to be open minded. Where you might see an air freshener hanging on a string from a stick, the roomies consider it the equivalent to Time Square’s Christmas tree. Lighting it is a problem though. 10. The Disappearing Dorm Hall Tree It’s there one minute and then quite suddenly it disappears. What’s with that? Doesn’t it defeat the purpose? In case you’re wondering, we’re attempting to get you to infer that the tree was stolen. It happens every year, but every year the dorms have to have their own trees. 11. Any Tree Made in The Lab If the tree was concocted or conjured up in a lab on or off campus, then it definitely belongs in this list. If the person creating the tree is wearing protective eye goggles or even a torch mask, then chances are it could end up being more of a hazard than anything else. 12. Toaster + Branch If there’s never any toast around anyway, why not put it to good use. Hey, it plugs in and they can hold not one but two small Christmas Tree twigs without a problem. 13. Thumb Tacs + Short Light String This is for the more artistic Christmas lovers out there. You buy a string of Christmas lights and then use thumb tacs to put it on the wall in the shape of a tree. If the wall paper is green, or festive, then that right there is an epic tree. 14. Christmas Tree Ladder Like the traffic cone, ladders come pre-molded for use as Christmas trees. Throw a green blanket around it, tape some lights into it, maybe even some tinsel and you’re golden! These are some of our favorites, but we know there’s so many more fabulous trees. The lengths that some of us will go to celebrate the Christmas spirit never ceases to amaze. If you still dont know how to celebrate Christmas, here youll find amazing Christmas party ideas. How about it, what kinds of weird Christmas trees have you seen or created?

My Name is Seepeetza by Shirley Sterling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

My Name is Seepeetza by Shirley Sterling - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that the story actually offers a detailed insight into the residential school system, which existed during the time, but more importantly, it highlights the subversive strength of the protagonist to face and overcome challenging situations in life. As the essay highlights the author on a subtle note tries to provide the readers with an understanding of the issues and problems faced by her generation, but on the deeper side, she equips them with the power to face such situations and voice their thoughts without fear. The author’s ability to do so becomes evident from how a sixth grader overcomes situations of bullying, persecution, loneliness and terror. On the other hand, her positive attitude towards life becomes manifest when she demonstrates the capability to live another day with the sweet memories of her family. Literature also serves the purpose of providing readers with an opportunity to understand historical accounts through the perspective of different characters, the way they lived and the experiences in their lives. Seepeetza’s story is such an account, which offers the readers a detailed insight into the issues and hardships that an aboriginal girl faces in the residential school, and how she pulls thr ough all of it with her resolute willpower. She also firmly believes that no matter if her name, clothes and other things that remind her of her family are taken away, she still has her memories and deep rooted tradition that simply cannot be extricated from her. Sterling provides various instances starting from the beginning of the story, which showcases how Seepeetza fights back throughout her stay at the residential school and overcomes the oppressive authoritarian system as well as the racist evils of the school.

Economics Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Paper 2 - Essay Example International Trade costs U.S job: International trade benefits both the countries. Standard of living of both countries increase, the countries can utilize their labor in something that is surplus and create boom in that product. National debt will burden the future: It is not always that national debts that burden the country. If the Government utilizes the funds in development of the future generation ; Even though the future generation will have to pay a little more tax but they will be duly benefited. Sweat Shops exploit workers: In poor countries getting a sweat shop job is better than not getting any job at all. By improving the work place amenities the cost of production will increase and the manufacturer will try and balance out their expenditure by reducing employment. This will lead to the employees losing their job. Trade Deficits means weak economy: In a booming economy there is more money to buy. Hence the Trade Deficits are seen. Also when people invest in a booming economy the money flow is outwards.So the money appreciates making it expensive for the foreign buyers. So Trade Deficit is not a sign of weak economy Monopolies charge any price:: It is not always that monopoly companies charge the highest. To make their products sell they may even charge low. The consumer may also benefit by the monopoly as it gives them a specialized market of that particular good in a competitive price. Manufacturers make products that wear out so that they can sell more: Even if the companies increase the price of products lasting longer, competition will make them reduce their price, thus benefiting the consumer. Money comes out of printing press: Most of the money in US economy is not in hard cash but in a/c in banks. When they lend out loans and in turn gets more checques.That way it increases its money making. But if they

Legal Position Of Fashion Designs Plc Assignment

Legal Position Of Fashion Designs Plc - Assignment Example The essay "Legal Position Of Fashion Designs Plc" talks about Legal Position Of Fashion Designs Plc. The North West which was purchased for  £100,000 is now shown to be worth only  £60,000. The North outlet which has a book value of  £50,000 is now worth  £60,000. The company has  £100,000 in the share premium account and a further  £100,000 in the capital redemption reserve account. Now take a quick look upon the net assets in the accounts of the fashion designs plc company, or a discarding of an interest in an undertaking which will outcome in the undertaking’s net assets no longer being merge in the accounts of the fashion designs plc company, the assets the subject of the business means the value of 100% of the undertaking’s assets, irrespective of what interest is obtain or disposed. In the case of a gaining or discarding which is not a substance acquisition/disposal, the assets the subject of the deal means. If we analyzed then we come to know that pro fits attributable to the assets the subject of the transaction x 100%. For these reasons â€Å"Profits of the fashion designs plc company† means profits before taxation and strange items as stated in the subsequent. For these purposes the â€Å"Gross assets of the fashion designs plc company† means the total of its fixed assets plus total existing assets. These figures ought to be taken from the mainly current of the following: The mainly newly notified unite balance sheet; or Where an admission article has been shaped for the purposes of admission subsequent. a reverse conquest, any pro forma net asset declaration published in the entrance document may be used, provide it is derived from information taken from the previous published audited merge accounts and that any alteration to this information are obviously shown and give details; or - In a case where dealings are collective pursuant to rule 14 of the aim rules, the for the most part recently notified merge balance sheet (as at a date prior to the earliest collective transaction). Net Asset Test Now take a quick look upon the net assets in the accounts of the fashion designs plc company, or a discarding of an interest in an undertaking which will outcome in the undertaking's net assets no longer being merge in the accounts of the fashion designs plc company, the assets the subject of the business means the value of 100% of the undertaking's assets, irrespective of what interest is obtain or disposed. In the case of a gaining or discarding which is not a substance acquisition/disposal, the assets the subject of the deal means: - For a gaining, the thought plus any responsibility assumed; and - For a discarding, the book value of the assets credited to that interest in the fashion designs plc company's last audited accounts. - In the case of a gaining of assets other than an interest in a responsibility, the assets the subject of the deal means the book value of those assets Profit Test If we analyzed then we come to know that profits attributable to the assets the subject of the transaction x 100%. Profits of the fashion designs plc company For these reasons "Profits of the fashion designs plc company" means profits before taxation and strange items as stated in the subsequent: - The last published annual merge accounts; - The last notified beginning statement of yearly results; or - In a case where dealings are collective pursuant to rule 14 of the fashion designs plc Rules, the last such accounts or statement prior to the initial transaction. In a case of a gaining or disposal of an interest in an responsibility where accounting consolidation applies, the "profits attributable to the assets the subject of the deal" means 100% of the profits of the undertaking irrespective of what interest is obtain or disposed. Law Position No doubt, a reverse takeover is a gaining or acquisitions in a twelve month period that for a fashion designs Plc Company would: Surpass 100 per cent. in any of the 'class tests' set out above; Outcome in a basic alter in its business, board or voting control; or In the case of an advance company, depart considerably from the investment

PhD Proposal Writing | Contributing to knowledge

PhD Proposal Writing | Contributing to knowledge To define an original contribution to knowledge in the context of PhD studies is complicated. In one sense, it can be seen as something which someone else has not done before and requires a large amount of innovation and commitment from the researcher. Gall et al. (1996:47) noted that the imagination and insight that goes into defining the research problem usually determines the ultimate value of a research study more than any other factor. This definition however may be construed as too broad and can be complimented by the reasoning given by Grix (2001) who says that a substantial contribution to knowledge means you must have produced original research on a given topic and embedded it firmly in the received wisdom of a particular field To pin point a definition for an original contribution to knowledge is difficult. However, Madsen (1983:25) offers the following as a possible start: Original means the potential to do at least one of the following: uncover new facts or principles, suggest relationships that were previously unrecognized, challenge existing truths or assumptions, afford new insights into little-understood phenomena, or suggest new interpretations of known facts that can alter mans perception of the world around him. It is widely agreed within academic fields that a contribution to knowledge may be achieved through a number of ways. Frances (1976) pinpoints eight ways in which originality can be achieved. However, Estelle and Derek (2010) only concur with six of these points which are as follows: Setting down a major piece of new information in writing for the first time; Continuing a previously original piece of work; Carrying out original work designed by the supervisor; Providing a single original technique, observation, or result in an otherwise unoriginal but competent piece of research; Having many original ideas, methods, and interpretations all performed by others under the direction of the postgraduate; Showing originality in testing somebody elses ideas. Fundamentally, an original contribution to knowledge can be seen as an ambiguous statement or process as it can be interpreted by different people in a variety of ways. Dunleavy (2003) expresses concerns regarding overstating the originality of the research and emphasises the need to balance innovation against the subject context. He goes on to suggest that the best way to proceed in research is to think of the contribution as value-added. He clarifies this by saying, Focusing on your own value added means keeping a critical eye on the extent to which you have transformed or enhanced or differentiated the starting materials of your analysis. He also goes on to say that, It also means retaining strong relational patterns of argument in which you appropriately acknowledge the extent to which you draw on the existing literature. The importance of reading literature in the chosen area of research cannot be over emphasised. Without this fundamental grounding of knowledge, a serious student cannot begin to propose an original contribution to knowledge. Without having a working understanding of the literature in their field, it is made more difficult for students to refine a researchable topic and then subsequently contribute original knowledge. Knowledge of the field is critical and includes knowing what has already been done, what the current hot topics are and projected issues and trends. Ultimately, researchers need to understand what has already been accomplished before attempting to add their own contribution to the field. Consideration must be given to any personal relevancy the proposed topic holds for the student and what area of their study would represent the biggest contributions of their work. When researching the literature, it is important to keep in mind such questions as: Is there any controversy or inconsistencies in the research or data? Does a deficiency appear in the literature on a particular topic? From a historical perspective, how has the field arrived at its present level of understanding the phenomenon that is being pursued? Broader topics are probably more helpful because the broader the topic is, the more numerous are the kinds of research questions that can be asked (Crowl, 1996:20). During the processes of PhD studies and writings, students can only make initial proposals as to what they perceive as original contributions. However, as time progresses and more literature is explored, these initial proposals will change if it is discovered that there has already been some research of a similar nature, and therefore if the initial proposals do not adapt, new ones are creased in their place. Put succinctly, it means not just passively following the authors train of thought but more importantly, it means anticipating where the authors line of argument leads, considering alternative extensions and constructing your own framework that covers these possibilities. Some of the best ideas are born this way. (Krathwohl, 1994:29) Relating this contextually, my PhD research is in the area of Dyslexia in the public and private sectors and its affect on policy making and implementation. The topic chosen is still broad in terms of the area I may investigate. However the focus of my research is narrowing as more literature is read and evaluated. After discussions with my Supervisor who is a specialist in Diversity and Equalities, my research will also attempt to grasp what the perceptions are of dyslexia in the public and private sectors and will see how these mind sets influence the decisions of various departments and relationships within the business and public sectors. An area I am also keen to investigate is the education of staff and the general public through schooling and awareness programmes and other media. From the literature that I have reviewed to date, I know that there has been little research undertaken with regards to dyslexia policies in the educational sector. What has been researched quite extensively is the educational policies which relate primarily to primary and secondary education. There has been little discussion relating to dyslexia during college and university participation. Therefore, I know that any theories I have surrounding higher education and any research I wish to initiate will most likely result in an original contribution to knowledge. There has been next to no academic writing about dyslexia policies in the private sector which gives me, as a researcher, a good opportunity to offer some original contribution to knowledge to this field. What has been written in this field focuses primarily on what is required to comply with national legislation and European law. Drake (1999) summarises policies and laws simply by stating, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ prevailing norms and values reflect the interests of the majority and may subordinate those of the minority. I agree with this statement but wish to find out just how much this holds true in the context of public and private sectors. What has generally been written about dyslexia in the public and private sector areas has been more from a social sciences view stemming from definitions of dyslexia as opposed to stemming from the more business minded and practical view which focuses more on a persons ability to do jobs and the influence this has on company and or educational policies. Therefore, in an area which has been under explored and scrutinised, the research I propose to carry out will be original as it will produce new theories as to why dyslexia is barely acknowledge in these areas, along with new insights into how the current policy systems are produced and operated and possibly where new systems and legislation would be beneficial. There will be an obvious flourish of new ideas and arguments which accompany any original contribution, as well as an opportunity to apply any existing ideas in general literature to the new area of study. This is important in my field, as dyslexia in itself, as a form of disability can be controversial and any new ideas and hypothesis made will be cause for debate and allow past discussions to be revisited. This is also important in the development of original contributions as this will allow any theories created to adapt and grow. Apart from my own literature search, by speaking with other academics in my specific field, I can gain access to a whole new level of expertise and academic knowledge. This will give me the opportunity to test their knowledge of my chosen area of diversity and tap into their resources. Additionally, they will also be able to aide in identifying if my chosen topic has been previously mentioned in any literature that they have read. Academics will not be the only resource I will be able to tap throughout my investigations, as I will also have access to many other resources such as peers, advisors, supervisors, university staff and government offices. Other resources will follow as my research develops. Despite the obvious views of original contributions to knowledge, other questions still remain. One example of this is when a student continues a previously original piece of work, is it truly original? The answer would be in the affirmative in the following cases; for example, if the direct result were to produce new theoretical interpretation to an already given state; to extend, qualify, elaborate existing work; or even create a new research design and/or methodology for research. The latter example would clearly have an impact on any work that I was to produce. This form of original contribution to knowledge is popular when covering an already highly researched area. This allows the researcher to explore areas which have already been explored but have the possibilities to be interpreted in different ways. Also, when a theoretical model is brought from one discipline and applied to another discipline, it can create many interesting results. In the context of my research, there has been one author who has looked generally on policies surrounding disabilities, all be it more substantially from a political (government) viewpoint. However he does not go into detail on dyslexia specifically as this is not the focus of his research when making the general link to companies. What he has passingly touched on in the case of dyslexia would be something I would like to investigate further in my own research. The specific case is the reactions of the managers in companies towards disabled employees. In my research however, I would more specifically want to look at dyslexics. Another area of interest in my chosen topic has been that indirectly covered by wildlife experts. There have been many links made regarding the relationship that exists between mankind and animals, and I believe there are still many more links to be made. For example, if one animal is perceived to be different, then it is often excluded from the group or pack. This link can be made with people. When someone is perceived as different, they can often be persecuted directly or indirectly. This may involve a lowering of self worth or esteem and lead to social exclusion. There can be many assumptions as to why this is, and there are already existing theories with regards to animal behaviour. Therefore I would like to use these theories in a different field/context which again substantiates an original contribution to knowledge. Other areas of originality can be highlighted with fresh data which can lead directly into critical appraisal of previous work. Care needs to be taken not to re-create previous works, or have something which is too closely associated with a previous research specimen. A whole new stance needs to be taken. When a student, using fresh data, undertakes further research of a topic previously covered ten years earlier, there is a strong chance that the results now would differ. This could tentatively lead on to a new theory being uncovered as to the reason behind the change and would thus be considered as another original contribution to knowledge. If during my research I find that an area I wish to explore has already been covered, and yet I find myself disagreeing with the outcomes from the findings I have made, I would gather more data, if time permitted, which would allow me to critically appraise that piece of work with new findings. For example, if twenty years ago research formulated a theory covering managers reactions to disabled people in the banking industry, I would have no hesitation in contemplating further research in this area considering the drastic change in law, disability policies and banking practices over the intervening years. However, if all the work presented is relatively recent, yet I find myself disagreeing with the analysis, my original contribution could be a new analysis and new outcome from the existing data. This in turn could lead onto a fresh theoretical interpretation and even prompt a new analysis and new results derived from the old data. No matter how a research student deduces whether or not they have made an original contribution to knowledge, what matters is that there is a support structure in place to help and guide them. Mauch and Birch (1989) constructed a series of questions to guide researchers when trying to determine the relative strength of research topics, which in my opinion goes hand in hand with original knowledge contribution. Some of the questions highlighted by Mauch and Birch are as follows: 1. Is there current interest in this topic in your field? 2. Is there a gap in knowledge that work on this topic could fill? 3. Is it possible to focus on a small enough segment of this particular topic to make it manageable? 4. Can you envision a way to study the topic that will allow conclusions to be drawn with substantial objectivity? 5. Is the data collection (i.e., test, questionnaire, interviews, etc.) acceptable to your advisor and in your department? 6. Is there a body of literature relevant to the topic? 7. Is a search of the topic manageable? 8. Are there large problems to be surmounted in working in this topic? Can you handle them? Do you want to handle them? 9. Are the needed data easily accessible? Will you have control of the data? Placing the above in context, I can determine whether or not my own research ticks the boxes of this checklist and therefore can ascertain, in another way, whether or not my own work can be considered an original contribution to knowledge. In the instance of the first question, this is irrelevant to an original contribution. However, it does help make the process of PhD writing easier if there is interest and it is therefore a good starting point for a structure. The answer is yes. Interest in disabilities, although diminishing into the background of public awareness over recent years, is still there in the academic world. The second question is vital to original contributions to knowledge as previously discussed. Again, the answer is yes. The area of research I have chosen has been under researched and is therefore a treasure trove waiting to be explored further. Questions 3 to 5 along with 7 and 9 are more focused in and around managing the actual research and data collection. Although not immediately linked to the original contribution to knowledge, they do play a factor in deciding whether or not an area should be further investigated. Question 6 focuses on literature which we have established as being paramount to ascertaining an original contribution to knowledge. In my context, there is literature surrounding dyslexia but more from a sociological perspective. So far in my literature investigations I have not uncovered anything alluding to the subject area I wish to investigate. The final relevant question, number 8, can challenge a researcher when confronted with an original contribution to knowledge in a controversial area. Is it something a first time researcher wants to investigate or is it best left until another opportunity arises in the future? Not only is this an issue, this question also raises further questions about other issues. For example, ethical issues. When thinking about an original contribution to knowledge, a researcher must also take other factors into consideration. Ultimately, the topics surrounding What is an original contribution to knowledge are still quite broad and all encompassing, but with guidance from supervisors and the numerous books available, researchers, including myself, should not have any serious difficulty finding an original contribution to knowledge. A succinct summary for the process of thinking about an original contribution to knowledge is nicely stated by Rojewski in Farmer, E. I., Rojewski, J. W. (2001), Its been almost two weeks now. You spend what seems like, every waking moment thinking about it. And yet, still nothing. In a cruel twist of fate, it seems that the more time you spend thinking about it the more elusive the answer becomes. Why cant someone just give it to you already and then you can be done with it!